"Hawala" is an informal value transfer system based on trust where money is transferred between brokers without physical movement of cash or use of the formal banking system.




"Mingling" involves combining illicit proceeds with the legitimate revenue of cash-intensive businesses (like restaurants) to disguise the origin of the funds.




A "Shell Company" is defined as an entity with no active business operations or significant assets, often used to conceal the identity of the true beneficial owner.




Incorporating a shell company is a criminal offence per se in all jurisdictions, regardless of its intended use.