CAIIB ABM Module D UNIT 27 MCQ – Compliance Audit

CAIIB ABM Module D UNIT 27 MCQ – Compliance Audit

Here are 55 multiple-choice questions based on the specified document section, starting from Question 66, formatted as requested:

Question 1: What is the primary purpose of the detailed regulatory disclosures included in a bank’s financial statements?

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Correct Answer: C. To enable market participants to assess key information about the bank. Regulatory disclosures provide essential information on capital adequacy, risk exposures, and risk assessment processes.

Question 2: According to the document, what information about a bank’s financial position is particularly important to users of its financial statements?

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Correct Answer: B. The bank’s liquidity and solvency, and the risks related to its assets and liabilities. Users of financial statements are interested in a bank’s ability to meet its short-term and long-term obligations and the potential risks associated with its financial instruments.

Question 3: How do notes to the financial statements contribute to full and complete disclosure?

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Correct Answer: C. They provide or can only provide certain very useful information. Notes to accounts and supplementary information are used to explain and document items affecting the financial position and performance.

Question 4: What is the function of notes and supplementary information in relation to items presented in financial statements?

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Correct Answer: B. To act as a means to explain and document certain items. Notes and supplementary information are used to clarify and provide details about items included in the financial statements or those that otherwise affect the reporting enterprise’s financial position and performance.

Question 5: What recent issue has received significant attention in the banking sector regarding information access?

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Correct Answer: B. The issue of market discipline. The document highlights that a lot of attention has recently been paid to the issue of market discipline in the banking sector.

Question 6: For market discipline to be effective, what must market participants have access to?

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Correct Answer: B. Timely and reliable information to assess banks’ activities and risks. Market discipline is stated to work only if market participants have access to timely and reliable information enabling assessment of bank activities and inherent risks.

Question 7: Under which framework on capital adequacy has market discipline been given due importance as one of its three pillars?

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Correct Answer: B. Basel II framework. Market discipline is recognized as one of the three pillars under the Basel II framework on capital adequacy.

Question 8: Why is the protection of investors’ interest in listed banks considered very important?

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Correct Answer: B. Because their shares are freely tradable in the stock market. For banks listed on stock exchanges with freely tradable shares, protecting investor interest is crucial and requires more transparent disclosures.

Question 9: The equality “Stockholders + Depositors = Stakeholders” emphasises the combined importance of which two groups in a bank?

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Correct Answer: C. Stockholders and Depositors. The equality explicitly states that stockholders and depositors together constitute stakeholders.

Question 10: Before the enactment of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, banking companies were regulated through which part of the Indian Companies Act, 1956?

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Correct Answer: B. Part XA. Provisions relating to banking companies were administered through Part XA of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 before the Banking Regulation Act.

Question 11: While company law primarily aims to safeguard the interest of the stockholder, what should be the primary objective of banking legislation?

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Correct Answer: C. The protection of the interest of the depositor. The statement of objects and reasons for forming a separate Banking Regulation Act highlights the protection of depositors’ interest as the primary objective of banking legislation, in contrast to company law’s focus on stockholders.

Question 12: Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a key statute, regulation, or standard currently spelling out disclosure requirements for banks?

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Correct Answer: C. The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The document lists the Banking Regulation Act, the Companies Act 2013, Companies Rules 2014, Indian Accounting Standards, and RBI guidelines for disclosures and Basel III requirements.

Question 13: To ensure uniformity in the financial statements of banks, RBI has advised that a summary of ‘Significant Account Policies’ and ‘Notes to Accounts’ should be shown under which respective schedules?

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Correct Answer: B. Schedule 17 and Schedule 18. RBI has advised banks to show a summary of ‘Significant Account Policies’ and ‘Notes to Accounts’ under Schedule 17 and Schedule 18 respectively for uniformity.

Question 14: How does the Institute of Internal Auditors define risk based internal auditing (RBIA)?

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Correct Answer: B. A methodology that links internal auditing to an organisation’s overall risk management framework. This is the definition provided by The Institute of Internal Auditors as per the document.

Question 15: What is the primary assurance that RBIA allows internal audit to provide to the board?

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Correct Answer: C. That risk management processes are managing risks effectively, in relation to the risk appetite. RBIA allows internal audit to provide assurance to the board regarding the effectiveness of risk management processes in relation to the organisation’s risk appetite.

Question 16: RBIA is described as being about auditing what aspect of risk?

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Correct Answer: B. Auditing the management of risk. The document explicitly states that RBIA is not about auditing risks but about auditing the management of risk.

Question 17: All banks are required to adopt the Risk based Internal Audit approach in line with the requirements of which regulatory body?

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Correct Answer: C. Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The document states that all banks shall adopt the Risk based Internal Audit approach in line with the RBI requirements.

Question 18: What is a key objective of internal audit at a bank, besides examining the internal control environment?

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Correct Answer: B. To provide an assurance that the internal controls are adequate to mitigate risks. The objective of internal audit includes examining the internal control environment and providing assurance about its adequacy to mitigate risks.

Question 19: One of the objectives of risk-based internal audit is to review potential inherent risks processes and controls instituted by which lines of defence?

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Correct Answer: B. First and second lines of defence. The objectives of risk-based internal audit include reviewing potential inherent risks processes and controls instituted by the first and second line of defence.

Question 20: What does risk-based internal audit aim to ensure regarding compliance with legal and regulatory requirements?

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Correct Answer: B. To review the systems to ensure compliance. One of the objectives of risk-based internal audit is to review the systems to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

Question 21: What is one of the objectives of risk-based internal audit concerning deficiencies in the control environment?

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Correct Answer: C. To identify deficiencies and monitor closure of action items. Identifying deficiencies in the control environment and monitoring the closure of action items is listed as an objective of risk-based internal audit.

Question 22: What assurance does risk-based internal audit provide to the Board and top management?

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Correct Answer: C. Assurance about the adequacy and effectiveness of the risk management and control framework. Risk-based internal audit aims to provide assurance to the Board and top management regarding the adequacy and effectiveness of the risk management and control framework.

Question 23: Strengthening controls and checks to enhance efficiency in a bank’s operations is an objective of what function?

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Correct Answer: B. Risk-based internal audit. To strengthen controls and checks to enhance efficiency in the bank’s operations is listed as an objective of risk-based internal audit.

Question 24: What does risk-based internal audit verify regarding instructions and internal policy guidelines?

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Correct Answer: B. Whether they are being adhered to. Risk-based internal audit aims to ensure that instructions and various internal policy guidelines are adhered to.

Question 25: What does internal audit verify concerning potential dereliction of duty by employees?

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Correct Answer: C. To verify whether there is any dereliction of duty. An objective of internal audit is to verify whether there is any dereliction of duty on the part of any employees.

Question 26: What does internal audit examine regarding transgression of power at various operational levels?

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Correct Answer: C. To verify whether there is any transgression of power. Internal audit examines whether there is any transgression of power at various operational levels.

Question 27: How does internal audit examine the working of branches/access points from the point of view of vulnerability to frauds?

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Correct Answer: C. By examining the working and suggesting measures to prevent frauds. Internal audit examines the working of branches/access points from the point of view of vulnerability and susceptibility to frauds and suggests prevention measures.

Question 28: What is one way internal audit helps in preventing or timely detecting and rectifying lapses/irregularities?

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Correct Answer: C. By helping in adhering to prescribed systems and procedures. Internal audit helps in adhering to prescribed systems and procedures, which aids in the prevention or timely detection and rectification of lapses/irregularities.

Question 29: What does internal audit verify regarding guidelines and directives issued by the RBI/other statutory authorities?

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Correct Answer: B. Whether they are being adhered to. Internal audit verifies adherence to the guidelines and directives issued by the RBI/other statutory authorities.

Question 30: Besides ensuring that bank’s goals and objectives are met, what else does internal audit ensure regarding corporate governance processes?

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Correct Answer: C. That they are effective and efficient. Internal audit also ensures that corporate governance processes are effective and efficient.

Question 31: What is the role of internal audit regarding risk management, control, and governance processes?

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Correct Answer: C. To evaluate and improve their effectiveness. Internal audit is responsible for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes.

Question 32: Who should internal auditors report breaches/non-compliances to during their inspection, according to the document?

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Correct Answer: B. To the Chief Compliance Officer, Central office, under copy to Risk management department at Ro/Zo & respective Regional/Zonal Head. Internal auditors should capture and report breaches/non-compliances to the Chief Compliance Officer, Central office, with copies to specified regional/zonal heads and risk management.

Question 33: Who has the primary responsibility to approve a suitable business strategy and ensure prudent risk management in accordance with the risk bearing capacity?

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Correct Answer: C. The Board of Directors and Senior Management of financial entities. The Board of Directors and Senior Management have the primary responsibility for approving business strategy and ensuring prudent risk management.

Question 34: What functions have to act as strong internal lines of defense against risks?

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Correct Answer: C. Governance and assurance functions. The document states that governance and assurance functions have to act as strong internal lines of defense.

Question 35: What has RBI focused on strengthening by updating supervisory instructions?

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Correct Answer: B. Internal defences. RBI has focused on strengthening internal defences by updating supervisory instructions.

Question 36: What is the primary assurance that an effective internal audit function provides to the board of directors/its committee and senior management?

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Correct Answer: B. Assurance on the quality and effectiveness of a bank’s internal control, risk management and governance systems and processes. An effective internal audit function provides independent assurance on the quality and effectiveness of these systems and processes.

Question 37: For the internal audit function to be independent, what must it have within the bank?

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Correct Answer: B. Sufficient standing and authority. Independence of the internal audit function requires it to have sufficient standing and authority within the bank.

Question 38: What quality is essential to the effectiveness of the bank’s internal audit function, concerning internal auditors individually and collectively?

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Correct Answer: C. Professional competence, including knowledge and experience. Professional competence, knowledge and experience of internal auditors are essential for the effectiveness of the internal audit function.

Question 39: What ethical quality must internal auditors act with?

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Correct Answer: B. Integrity. Internal auditors must act with integrity.

Question 40: What should banks have that articulates the purpose, standing and authority of the internal audit function?

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Correct Answer: C. An internal audit policy. Banks should have an internal audit policy that articulates the purpose, standing and authority of the internal audit function.

Question 41: What were identified as some of the root causes of difficulties faced by Supervised Entities in recent events?

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Correct Answer: B. Weaknesses in the Governance, Oversight & Assurance functions. Recent events showed that weaknesses in these functions were some of the root causes of difficulties.

Question 42: What has RBI done regarding supervisory instructions related to governance & assurance functions?

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Correct Answer: C. Reviewed/amended them to strengthen internal defenses. RBI has reviewed/amended supervisory instructions to strengthen governance and assurance functions, acting as internal defenses.

Question 43: Which of the following was amended to help in timely detection of errors and irregularities?

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Correct Answer: A. Guidelines on Concurrent audit system. The guidelines on the Concurrent audit system were amended to help in the timely detection of errors and irregularities.

Question 44: What framework was made mandatory for certain categories of UCBs/NBFCs?

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Correct Answer: C. Risk Based Internal Audit (RBIA). The RBIA framework was made mandatory for certain categories of UCBs/NBFCs.

Question 45: What function was strengthened in SCBs, with enhanced status, authority and independence for the Chief Compliance Officer?

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Correct Answer: C. Compliance function. The compliance function in SCBs was strengthened, and the status, authority, and independence of the Chief Compliance Officer were enhanced.

Question 46: What process was put in place for SCBs/UCBs regarding NPAs?

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Correct Answer: B. System-based Identification of NPAs. Guidelines were issued on System-based Identification of NPAs for SCBs/UCBs.

Question 47: Harmonisation of appointment of Statutory Auditors was done across which entities?

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Correct Answer: C. SCBs/UCBs/NBFCs. Harmonisation of appointment of Statutory Auditors was implemented across SCBs/UCBs/NBFCs.

Question 48: What is a common observation regarding the Internal Audit function in banks?

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Correct Answer: B. It is largely underutilised as the right areas are not being picked up. A common observation mentioned is that the internal audit function in banks is largely underutilised because the right areas are not being picked up.

Question 49: What is highly critical but often based on lag indicators in the context of internal audit?

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Correct Answer: C. Risk rating of audit areas. The document notes that risk rating of audit areas is highly critical but is mostly based on lag indicators.

Question 50: What is needed regarding the risk rating framework for businesses and branches?

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Correct Answer: B. It needs to be reviewed, and back testing is required periodically. There is a need to review the risk rating framework for businesses and branches, and back testing is also required at periodic intervals.

Question 51: What remains a cause of concern and impacts the quality of the internal audit function?

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Correct Answer: C. The quality and quantity of people in the Internal Audit department. The quality and quantity of people in the IA department remains a cause of concern and impacts the quality of the IA function.

Question 52: How can issues related to audit being a sample test be handled more effectively?

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Correct Answer: C. Through enhanced IT usage. It is suggested that issues related to sample-based audits due to large numbers involved can be handled more effectively through enhanced IT usage.

Question 53: What should remain on the radar of the internal audit function, related to financial crime?

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Correct Answer: C. Fraud prevention. Fraud prevention should remain on the radar of the internal audit function.

Question 54: What should be carried out on a periodic basis regarding the Internal Audit framework?

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Correct Answer: B. External validation. External validation of the IA framework should be carried out on a periodic basis.

Question 55: What has been gaining wider attention across the globe and is acknowledged as an area warranting considerable attention?

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Correct Answer: C. Role of oversight & assurance functions. The role of oversight & assurance functions has been gaining wider attention globally and is acknowledged as an area warranting considerable attention.

Question 56: What is considered an essential element in the safe and sound functioning of a bank and may adversely affect its risk profile if not operating effectively?

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Correct Answer: B. Sound corporate governance and assurance functions. Sound corporate governance and assurance functions are considered essential elements in a bank’s safe and sound functioning, which can adversely affect its risk profile if not effective.

Question 57: What would a strong internal audit help in building for organisations?

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Correct Answer: B. Organisations that are strong, resilient, disciplined and enjoy sustained growth and customer confidence. A strong internal audit is stated to help in building such organisations.

Question 58: What can a strong internal audit pre-empt, avoiding attendant reputational risk?

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Correct Answer: C. Supervisory actions that would follow if transgressions are detected. A strong internal audit can pre-empt many supervisory actions and the associated reputational risk.

Question 59: What will a strong internal audit allow the supervisor to place more reliance on?

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Correct Answer: C. The bank’s internal processes. A strong internal audit will permit the supervisor to place more reliance on the bank’s internal processes.

Question 60: What has the Reserve Bank, as a regulator/supervisor, done regarding the stature of the internal audit function in banks?

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Correct Answer: C. Enhanced its stature. As a regulator/supervisor, the Reserve Bank has enhanced the stature of the internal audit function in banks.

Question 61: For effective implementation and monitoring of the compliance function, what is called for?

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Correct Answer: C. Proper reporting framework. Effective implementation and monitoring of the compliance function call for a proper reporting framework.

Question 62: What uniform reporting system is mentioned for covering reporting of compliances and breaches?

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Correct Answer: B. Reporting of status/extent of compliance and reporting of breaches/non-compliances observed. The uniform reporting system covers both reporting of the status/extent of compliance and reporting of observed breaches/non-compliances.

Question 63: When breaches/non-compliances are observed, to whom should they be reported by branches?

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Correct Answer: B. To RO/ZO, under copy to FGMO and respective Functional department. Branches should report observed breaches/non-compliances to RO/ZO, with copies to FGMO and the respective Functional department.

Question 64: Who should Functional departments at Central Office report observed non-compliance/breaches to?

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Correct Answer: C. To the Compliance department, Central Office. Functional departments at CO should report observed non-compliance/breaches to the Compliance department, CO.

Question 65: Why are RBI’s disclosure requirements developed, consistent with international best practices?

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Correct Answer: C. To encourage market discipline by allowing participants to assess key information. RBI’s disclosure requirements are developed to encourage market discipline by allowing market participants to assess key information.

Question 66: According to Accounting Standard 5, where should disclosures regarding the impact of prior period items on the current year’s profit and loss be made if the profit and loss account format does not specifically provide for it?

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Correct Answer: C. In the ‘Notes to Accounts’ in the balance sheet. If the profit and loss account format doesn’t specifically allow for disclosure of the impact of prior period items, it should be made in the ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 67: In addition to disclosures required by Accounting Standard 1, what does Accounting Standard 9 on Revenue Recognition require an enterprise to disclose?

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Correct Answer: B. The circumstances in which revenue recognition has been postponed pending resolution of significant uncertainties. Accounting Standard 9 requires disclosure of circumstances where revenue recognition is postponed due to significant uncertainties.

Question 68: Which Accounting Standard requires banks to follow specific disclosure requirements regarding employee benefits?

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Correct Answer: B. Accounting Standard 15 (revised). Banks may follow the disclosure requirements prescribed under Accounting Standard 15 (revised) on ‘Employees Benefits’.

Question 69: When complying with Accounting Standard 17 on Segment Reporting, what should ordinarily be considered the primary reporting format for banks?

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Correct Answer: B. Business segment. The business segment should ordinarily be considered the primary reporting format for banks complying with Accounting Standard 17.

Question 70: Under Accounting Standard 17, which of the following is listed as one of the business segments for disclosure by banks?

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Correct Answer: C. Corporate/Wholesale Banking. ‘Corporate/Wholesale Banking’ is listed as one of the business segments for disclosure under Accounting Standard 17.

Question 71: What are considered the geographic segments for disclosure by banks under Accounting Standard 17?

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Correct Answer: C. Domestic and International. ‘Domestic’ and ‘International’ segments are the geographic segments for disclosure under Accounting Standard 17.

Question 72: Accounting Standard 18 is applied in reporting what specific relationships and transactions?

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Correct Answer: C. Related party relationships and transactions. Accounting Standard 18 is applied in reporting related party relationships and transactions between a reporting enterprise and its related parties.

Question 73: Accounting Standard 21 deals with disclosures in the ‘Notes to Accounts’ for which specific financial statements?

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Correct Answer: B. Consolidated Financial Statements (CFS). Accounting Standard 21 deals with Consolidated Financial Statements (CFS) and disclosures in their ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 74: What does Accounting Standard 22 aim to account for?

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Correct Answer: B. Taxes on income. Accounting Standard 22 is applied in accounting for taxes on income.

Question 75: Accounting Standard 23 sets out principles for recognising the effects of investments in which entities in the consolidated financial statements?

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Correct Answer: C. Associates. Accounting Standard 23 sets out principles for recognising the effects of investments in associates in the consolidated financial statements.

Question 76: If a bank acquires more than 20% of voting power in a borrower entity but can demonstrate that its rights are protective and not participative, how might such an investment be treated under Accounting Standard 23?

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Correct Answer: B. It may not be treated as an investment in an associate. The document explains that if the rights are protective and not participative, even with over 20% voting power, it may not be treated as an investment in an associate.

Question 77: According to the explanation of Accounting Standard 23, what should be the key test for determining if an investment is in an associate?

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Correct Answer: C. The intention to acquire the power to exercise significant influence. The test should be the intention to acquire the power to exercise significant influence, not merely the proportion of investment.

Question 78: What type of financial reporting does Accounting Standard 25 relate to?

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Correct Answer: B. Interim Financial Reporting. Accounting Standard 25 relates to Interim Financial Reporting.

Question 79: To ensure uniformity in disclosures, the half-yearly review prescribed by RBI for public sector banks has been extended to which banks?

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Correct Answer: C. All banks (both listed and unlisted). The half-yearly review for public sector banks has been extended to all banks (both listed and unlisted) for uniformity in disclosures.

Question 80: Banks are required to comply with the disclosure norms stipulated under the various Accounting Standards issued by which body?

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Correct Answer: D. Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Banks are required to comply with disclosure norms stipulated under Accounting Standards issued by ICAI.

Question 81: To make information on all Provisions and Contingencies available at one place, where are banks required to disclose this information?

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Correct Answer: C. In the ‘Notes to Accounts’. To consolidate information on Provisions and Contingencies, banks are required to disclose it in the ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 82: Where should banks make comprehensive disclosures on floating provisions?

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Correct Answer: C. In the “Notes to Accounts” to the balance sheet. Comprehensive disclosures on floating provisions should be made in the “Notes to Accounts” to the balance sheet.

Question 83: If there is any draw down of reserves, where should suitable disclosures be made?

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Correct Answer: B. In the ‘Notes to Accounts’ to the Balance Sheet. Suitable disclosures regarding any draw down of reserves are to be made in the ‘Notes to Accounts’ to the Balance Sheet.

Question 84: How are banks advised to disclose complaints?

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Correct Answer: C. As (a) Customer Complaints and (b) Awards passed by the Banking Ombudsman. Banks are advised to disclose complaints categorised as Customer Complaints and Awards passed by the Banking Ombudsman.

Question 85: Where should banks include all customer complaints pertaining to Automated Teller Machine (ATM) cards issued by them?

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Correct Answer: B. In the disclosure format specified for complaints. All customer complaints related to ATM cards should be included in the specified disclosure format for complaints.

Question 86: Where should banks disclose full particulars of all Letters of Comfort (LoCs) issued by them during the year, including their assessed financial impact and cumulative obligations?

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Correct Answer: C. In its published financial statements as part of the ‘Notes to Accounts’. Banks should disclose full particulars of LoCs in their published financial statements as part of the ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 87: What ratio should be disclosed in the Notes to Accounts to the Balance Sheet, concerning provisions for non-performing assets?

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Correct Answer: C. Provision Coverage Ratio (PCR). The Provision Coverage Ratio (ratio of provision for NPA to gross non-performing assets) should be disclosed in the Notes to Accounts.

Question 88: Where should details of fees/brokerage earned from insurance business activities like insurance broking, agency, and bancassurance be disclosed?

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Correct Answer: C. In the ‘Notes to Accounts’ to their Balance Sheet. Details of fees/brokerage earned from insurance business should be disclosed in the ‘Notes to Accounts’ to the Balance Sheet.

Question 89: For how many years should disclosures on fees/brokerage earned from insurance business be made?

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Correct Answer: C. For both the current year as well as previous year. Disclosures on insurance business earnings should be made for both the current and previous year.

Question 90: Which of the following is listed as a concentration that banks should disclose in the Notes to Accounts?

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Correct Answer: C. Concentration of Advances. Concentration of Advances is listed as a concentration that banks should disclose.

Question 91: Besides Concentration of Deposits and Concentration of Advances, what third concentration is mentioned for disclosure along with its share to the total?

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Correct Answer: B. Concentration of NPAS. Concentration of NPAS is mentioned along with Concentration of Deposits and Concentration of Advances for disclosure.

Question 92: What movement should be disclosed besides Sector wise Advances?

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Correct Answer: C. Movement of NPAs. Movement of NPAs should be disclosed besides Sector wise Advances.

Question 93: Which of the following is mentioned as a disclosure related to NPAs besides movement?

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Correct Answer: B. Technical write offs and the recoveries made thereon. Technical write offs and recoveries made thereon are mentioned for disclosure related to NPAs.

Question 94: What overseas information is mentioned for disclosure?

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Correct Answer: B. Overseas Assets, NPAs and Revenue. Overseas Assets, NPAs and Revenue are mentioned for disclosure.

Question 95: Disclosures on Remuneration are applicable to which types of banks?

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Correct Answer: C. Private sector banks and foreign banks. Disclosures on Remuneration are applicable to Private sector banks and foreign banks.

Question 96: Where should the outstanding amount of securitised assets as per books of the Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) sponsored by the bank be indicated?

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Correct Answer: C. In the Notes to Accounts of the originating banks. The outstanding amount of securitised assets should be indicated in the Notes to Accounts of the originating banks.

Question 97: What does an originating bank need to disclose regarding exposures retained as on the date of balance sheet?

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Correct Answer: B. The total amount of exposures retained to comply with Minimum Retention Requirements (MRR). The total amount of exposures retained to comply with MRR needs to be disclosed.

Question 98: For banks using a proprietary model for pricing Credit Default Swaps (CDS), what must they disclose in the Notes to the Accounts?

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Correct Answer: C. Both the proprietary model price and the standard model price. Banks using a proprietary model for CDS pricing must disclose both the proprietary model price and the standard model price.

Question 99: Besides disclosing both the proprietary and standard model prices for CDS, what else should banks include in the Notes to the Accounts?

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Correct Answer: B. An explanation of the rationale behind using a particular model over another. Banks should include an explanation of the rationale behind using a particular model for CDS pricing.

Question 100: To ensure transparency in dealings with group entities, what type of exposures are banks required to disclose?

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Correct Answer: C. Intra Group Exposures. Banks should make disclosures related to Intra Group Exposures to ensure transparency.

Question 101: Which of the following is a required disclosure regarding Intra Group Exposures?

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Correct Answer: B. The total amount of intra group exposures. The total amount of intra group exposures is a required disclosure.

Question 102: Besides the total amount, what other disclosure is required for Intra Group Exposures?

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Correct Answer: C. The total amount of top 20 intra group exposures. The total amount of top 20 intra group exposures is also a required disclosure.

Question 103: What percentage related to Intra Group Exposures is required to be disclosed?

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Correct Answer: C. Percentage of intra group exposures to total exposure of the bank on borrowers/customers. The percentage of intra group exposures to total exposure of the bank on borrowers/customers needs to be disclosed.

Question 104: What details related to breaches of limits on intra group exposures must be disclosed?

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Correct Answer: B. Details of breach of limits on intra group exposures and regulatory action thereon, if any. Details of breaches of limits on intra group exposures and any regulatory action thereon must be disclosed.

Question 105: Unclaimed liabilities where the amount due has been transferred to Depositor Education and Awareness Fund (DEAF) may be reflected under which head in the annual financial statements?

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Correct Answer: B. Contingent Liability – others, items for which the bank is contingently liable. Unclaimed liabilities transferred to DEAF may be reflected under ‘Contingent Liability – others, items for which the bank is contingently liable’.

Question 106: Where are banks also advised to disclose the amounts transferred to DEAF?

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Correct Answer: C. Under ‘Notes to Accounts’. Banks are also advised to disclose amounts transferred to DEAF under ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 107: What should banks disclose as part of financial statements certified by statutory auditors, regarding currency induced credit risk?

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Correct Answer: B. Their policies to manage currency induced credit risk. Banks should disclose their policies to manage currency induced credit risk as part of financial statements.

Question 108: In addition to disclosing policies to manage currency induced credit risk, what else should banks disclose regarding this risk?

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Correct Answer: C. The incremental provisioning and capital held by them towards this risk. Banks should also disclose the incremental provisioning and capital held towards currency induced credit risk.

Question 109: Banks are required to disclose information on which ratio in their annual financial statements under ‘Notes to Accounts’?

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Correct Answer: B. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR). Banks are required to disclose information on their Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) in their annual financial statements under ‘Notes to Accounts’.

Question 110: For the disclosure of Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) in the annual financial statements, how many quarters of the relevant financial year should the disclosure cover?

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Correct Answer: C. All four quarters. The disclosure of LCR should cover all four quarters of the relevant financial year.

Question 111: Besides the LCR data, what should banks provide to facilitate understanding of the results and data provided?

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Correct Answer: B. Sufficient qualitative discussion around the LCR. Banks should provide sufficient qualitative discussion around the LCR to facilitate understanding.

Question 112: Companies (including Banks) wanting to list their securities are required to enter into an agreement with the Exchange called what?

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Correct Answer: C. Listing Agreement. Companies desirous of listing their securities must enter into a Listing Agreement with the Exchange.

Question 113: Under the Listing Agreement, what information is a company required to furnish quarterly?

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Correct Answer: C. Quarterly accounts. A company under a Listing Agreement is required to furnish quarterly accounts.

Question 114: Under the Listing Agreement, what kind of news should a company forward that affects stock prices?

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Correct Answer: C. News that affect stock prices. A company under a Listing Agreement should forward news that affects stock prices.

Question 115: What specific compliance is required from a company under the Listing Agreement?

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Correct Answer: C. Comply with corporate governance. A company under a Listing Agreement must comply with corporate governance.

Question 116: What documents should a company under the Listing Agreement provide to shareholders?

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Correct Answer: B. Copies of annual report and accounts. A company under the Listing Agreement should provide copies of the annual report and accounts to shareholders.

Question 117: The disclosure requirements for listed entities previously in the Listing Agreement have now been incorporated into what?

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Correct Answer: C. The Listing regulations of SEBI. The disclosure requirements have been incorporated into the Listing regulations of SEBI.

Question 118: The SEBI Listing regulations apply to a listed entity that has listed which of the following designated securities on recognised stock exchange(s)?

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Correct Answer: C. Specified securities listed on main board or SME Exchange or institutional trading platform. The regulations apply to entities that have listed specified securities on main board, SME Exchange, or institutional trading platform.

Question 119: Besides specified securities on main board/SME/institutional trading platform, which other securities are covered under the SEBI Listing regulations?

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Correct Answer: B. Non-convertible debt securities, non-convertible redeemable preference shares, perpetual debt instrument, perpetual non-cumulative preference shares. These are also covered under the SEBI Listing regulations.

Question 120: What should information disclosed by a listed entity be prepared and disclosed in accordance with?

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Correct Answer: B. Applicable standards of accounting and financial disclosure. Information shall be prepared and disclosed in accordance with the applicable standards of accounting and financial disclosure.

Question 121: What must a listed entity implement in letter and spirit in the preparation of financial statements?

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Correct Answer: B. Prescribed accounting standards. A listed entity must implement the prescribed accounting standards in letter and spirit.

Question 122: Who should conduct the annual audit for a listed entity to ensure compliance?

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Correct Answer: C. An independent, competent and qualified auditor. The annual audit should be conducted by an independent, competent and qualified auditor.

Question 123: What should a listed entity refrain from and ensure regarding the information provided to stock exchange(s) and investors?

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Correct Answer: B. Misrepresentation and ensure the information is not misleading. A listed entity should refrain from misrepresentation and ensure provided information is not misleading.

Question 124: What kind of information should a listed entity provide to recognised stock exchange(s) and investors?

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Correct Answer: B. Adequate and timely information. A listed entity should provide adequate and timely information to recognised stock exchange(s) and investors.

Question 125: Disseminations made by a listed entity should be adequate, accurate, explicit, timely and presented in what kind of language?

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Correct Answer: C. A simple language. Disseminations should be adequate, accurate, explicit, timely, and presented in a simple language.

Question 126: What should the channels for disseminating information by a listed entity provide for?

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Correct Answer: C. Equal, timely and cost-efficient access to relevant information by investors. Dissemination channels should provide for equal, timely and cost-efficient access to relevant information by investors.

Question 127: What laws and guidelines should a listed entity abide by?

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Correct Answer: C. All the provisions of the applicable laws including the securities laws and other guidelines issued by the Board and the recognised stock exchange(s). A listed entity must abide by all applicable laws, including securities laws and guidelines from the Board and stock exchanges.

Question 128: When making specified disclosures and following its obligations, what should a listed entity take into consideration?

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Correct Answer: C. The interest of all stakeholders. A listed entity should consider the interest of all stakeholders when making disclosures and following obligations.

Question 129: What kind of information should event based or periodically filed reports, statements, documents and information contain?

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Correct Answer: C. Relevant information. Filings, reports, statements, documents and information should contain relevant information.

Question 130: What should periodic filings, reports, statements, documents and information reports enable investors to do?

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Correct Answer: C. Track the performance of a listed entity and assess its current status. Periodic filings should enable investors to track performance and assess the current status of a listed entity.

Question 131: What should a listed entity provide to shareholders regarding general meetings?

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Correct Answer: B. Sufficient and timely information concerning the date, location and agenda, as well as full and timely information regarding issues to be discussed. Adequate and timely information about general meetings and discussion issues should be provided.

Question 132: What should be disclosed to investors before they acquire shares, regarding the rights attached to all series and classes of shares?

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Correct Answer: B. The rights attached to all series and classes of shares. The rights attached to all series and classes of shares must be disclosed to investors before they acquire shares.

Question 133: How many working days in advance (excluding intimation and meeting dates) should a listed entity give prior intimation to the stock exchange about a board meeting considering financial results (quarterly, half yearly, or annual)?

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Correct Answer: B. At least five days. Prior intimation for board meetings considering financial results should be given at least five days in advance.

Question 134: For which of the following proposals is a listed entity required to give prior intimation to the stock exchange at least two working days in advance (excluding intimation and meeting dates)?

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Correct Answer: A. Declaration/recommendation of dividend. Prior intimation of at least two working days is required for proposals like declaration/recommendation of dividend.

Question 135: How many working days before any alteration in the form or nature of any of its listed securities is placed before the board of directors should a listed entity give intimation to the stock exchange?

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Correct Answer: C. At least eleven working days. Intimation of at least eleven working days is required before altering the form or nature of listed securities.

Question 136: What is the purpose of timely, adequate and accurate disclosure of information on an ongoing basis by listed entities?

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Correct Answer: B. To enable investors to make well-informed investment decisions. Timely, adequate and accurate disclosure is essential for investors to make well-informed investment decisions.

Question 137: Regulation 30 of SEBI (Listing obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 deals with the disclosure of what by listed entities whose equity and convertibles securities are listed?

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Correct Answer: B. Material events. Regulation 30 deals with the disclosure of material events by listed entities.

Question 138: Under Regulation 30, material events that need to be disclosed are broadly described in how many categories?

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Correct Answer: B. Two. Material events are broadly described in two categories: those necessarily disclosed without materiality test and those disclosed if considered material.

Question 139: What type of events under Regulation 30 (Para A) must be necessarily disclosed without applying any test of materiality?

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Correct Answer: C. Events pertaining broadly to areas like Acquisition(s), Issuance/forfeiture of securities, Outcome of board meetings, etc. Events listed in Para A must be disclosed without applying a materiality test.

Question 140: Which of the following is an event that has to be necessarily disclosed without applying any test of materiality (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. Issuance or forfeiture of securities. Issuance or forfeiture of securities is an event that must be necessarily disclosed.

Question 141: Which of the following is explicitly listed as an event under Regulation 30 (Para A) that requires necessary disclosure?

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Correct Answer: B. Revision in Rating(s). Revision in Rating(s) is an event that requires necessary disclosure.

Question 142: What outcome of meetings must be necessarily disclosed under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: C. Outcome of meetings of the board of directors. The outcome of meetings of the board of directors must be necessarily disclosed.

Question 143: Which type of agreements are mentioned under Regulation 30 (Para A) as requiring necessary disclosure if they are binding and not in the normal course of business?

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Correct Answer: C. Shareholder agreement(s), joint venture agreement(s), family settlement agreement(s) (to the extent that it impacts management and control). These types of agreements require necessary disclosure if binding and not in the normal course of business.

Question 144: Fraud/Defaults by which individuals/entities require necessary disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. Promoter or key managerial personnel or by the listed entity. Fraud/Defaults by promoter, key managerial personnel, or the listed entity require necessary disclosure.

Question 145: Changes in which key personnel require necessary disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. Directors, key managerial personnel (Managing Director, Chief Executive officer, Chief Financial officer, Company Secretary, etc.), Auditor and Compliance officer. Changes in these key personnel require necessary disclosure.

Question 146: What is required to be disclosed under Regulation 30 (Para A) regarding the share transfer agent?

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Correct Answer: B. Appointment or discontinuation of share transfer agent. The appointment or discontinuation of the share transfer agent requires necessary disclosure.

Question 147: Corporate debt restructuring (“CDR”) is listed as what type of event under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. An event that requires necessary disclosure. Corporate debt restructuring (“CDR”) is an event that requires necessary disclosure.

Question 148: A one time settlement (OTS) with a Bank is an event that falls under which category of disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: C. Requires necessary disclosure. A one time settlement (OTS) with a Bank requires necessary disclosure.

Question 149: Reference to BIFR and winding-up petition filed by any party/creditors requires what type of disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. Necessary disclosure. Reference to BIFR and winding-up petition filed by any party/creditors requires necessary disclosure.

Question 150: What type of notices, call letters, resolutions and circulars sent to shareholders, debenture holders or creditors, or advertised in the media, require necessary disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. All such communications by the listed entity. Issuance of notices, call letters, resolutions and circulars sent to shareholders, debenture holders or creditors, or advertised in the media by the listed entity require necessary disclosure.

Question 151: Under Regulation 30 (Para A), what proceedings require necessary disclosure along with brief details?

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Correct Answer: C. Proceedings of annual and extraordinary general meetings. Proceedings of annual and extraordinary general meetings require necessary disclosure with brief details.

Question 152: Brief amendments to which foundational documents of a listed entity require necessary disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. Articles of association and memorandum of association. Amendments to memorandum and articles of association of a listed entity require necessary disclosure in brief.

Question 153: What schedule related to analyst or institutional investor meet and presentations requires necessary disclosure under Regulation 30 (Para A)?

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Correct Answer: B. The schedule of analyst or institutional investor meet and presentations on financial results made by the listed entity. The schedule of such meetings and presentations on financial results requires necessary disclosure.

Question 154: Events that should be disclosed by a listed entity if considered material fall under which part of Schedule III of the Listing Regulations?

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Correct Answer: B. Part B. Events that should be disclosed if considered material are listed under Part B of Schedule III.

Question 155: Which of the following is an event that should be disclosed by a listed entity if considered material (Para B)?

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Correct Answer: B. Commencement or any postponement in the date of commencement of commercial production or commercial operations of any unit/division. This is an event that should be disclosed if considered material.

Question 156: Change in the general character or nature of business brought about by certain factors should be disclosed if considered material, under which part of Regulation 30?

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Correct Answer: B. Part B. Change in the general character or nature of business is an event that should be disclosed if considered material, falling under Part B.

Question 157: What action regarding awarded/bagged orders/contracts, not in the normal course of business, should be disclosed if considered material (Para B)?

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Correct Answer: B. Awarding, bagging/receiving, amendment or termination thereof. Awarding, bagging/receiving, amendment or termination of such orders/contracts should be disclosed if material.

Question 158: Which type of agreements, if binding and not in the normal course of business, should be disclosed if considered material (Para B)?

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Correct Answer: B. Loan agreement(s) (as a borrower) or any other agreement(s). Loan agreements (as a borrower) or other binding agreements not in the normal course of business should be disclosed if material.

Question 159: Disruption of operations of any one or more units or division due to natural calamity or force majeure events should be disclosed if considered what?

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Correct Answer: D. Material. Disruption of operations due to natural calamity or force majeure should be disclosed if considered material.

Question 160: Litigation(s)/dispute(s)/regulatory action(s) should be disclosed if they have what?

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Correct Answer: C. Impact (if considered material). Litigation(s)/dispute(s)/regulatory action(s) should be disclosed if they have an impact and are considered material.

Question 161: Frauds/defaults by which individuals should be disclosed if considered material (Para B), excluding those covered under necessary disclosures?

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Correct Answer: B. Directors (other than key managerial personnel) or employees. Frauds/defaults by directors (other than key managerial personnel) or employees should be disclosed if considered material.

Question 162: Granting, withdrawal, surrender, cancellation or suspension of what should be disclosed if considered material (Para B)?

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Correct Answer: B. Key licenses or regulatory approvals. Granting, withdrawal, surrender, cancellation or suspension of key licenses or regulatory approvals should be disclosed if considered material.

Question 163: Regulation 31 of the Listing regulations requires disclosure of what information?

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Correct Answer: B. Holding of specified securities and shareholding pattern. Regulation 31 requires disclosure of holding of specified securities and shareholding pattern.

Question 164: What is required to be disclosed under Regulation 32?

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Correct Answer: C. Statement of deviation(s) or variation(s) pertaining to various issues made. Regulation 32 requires the statement of deviation(s) or variation(s).

Question 165: What does Regulation 34 require a listed entity to furnish?

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Correct Answer: B. Annual Report. Regulation 34 requires the Annual Report.

Question 166: Regulation 42 of the Listing regulations pertains to which disclosure?

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Correct Answer: C. Record Date or Date of closure of transfer books. Regulation 42 pertains to the Record Date or Date of closure of transfer books.

Question 167: The information disseminated on a listed entity’s website under Regulation 46 should be kept updated within how many days of any change taking place?

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Correct Answer: D. 2 days. Information on the website should be updated within 2 days of any change.

Question 168: Which of the following information is required to be disseminated on a listed entity’s website?

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Correct Answer: B. Terms and conditions of appointment of independent directors. This information is required to be disseminated on the website.

Question 169: What details related to the composition of the board of directors’ committees must be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: B. Composition of various committees of board of directors. The composition of various committees of the board of directors must be displayed on the website.

Question 170: What code of conduct should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: B. Code of conduct of board of directors and senior management personnel. The code of conduct for the board of directors and senior management personnel must be displayed on the website.

Question 171: Details of establishment of which mechanism/policy should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: C. Vigil mechanism/Whistle-Blower policy. Details of the establishment of the vigil mechanism/Whistle-Blower policy must be displayed on the website.

Question 172: What policy should be displayed on the website regarding certain transactions?

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Correct Answer: B. Policy on dealing with related party transactions. The policy on dealing with related party transactions must be displayed on the website.

Question 173: What information related to financial results should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: B. Notice of meeting of the board of directors where financial results shall be discussed, and the financial results after approval. This financial information must be displayed on the website.

Question 174: A complete copy of which report, including balance sheet, profit and loss account, directors report, corporate governance report, etc., should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: C. Annual report. A complete copy of the annual report must be displayed on the website.

Question 175: What pattern should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: C. Shareholding pattern. The shareholding pattern must be displayed on the website.

Question 176: Details of agreements entered into with which entities should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: C. Media companies and/or their associates. Details of agreements entered into with media companies and/or their associates must be displayed on the website.

Question 177: For a continuous period of one year from the date of the last name change, what should be displayed on the website?

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Correct Answer: B. The new name and the old name. The new name and the old name of the listed entity must be displayed on the website for one year after the last name change.

Question 178: In how many newspapers should a listed entity publish certain information as per Regulation 47(1)?

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Correct Answer: B. Two newspapers. A listed entity must publish information in two newspapers as per Regulation 47(1).

Question 179: What type of newspapers should be used for publishing information under Regulation 47(1)?

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Correct Answer: B. One National English daily, and one local regional language daily where the registered office is situated. Publishing is required in one National English daily and one local regional language daily where the registered office is situated.

Question 180: What notice must be published in the newspapers as per Regulation 47(1)?

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Correct Answer: C. Notice of meeting of the board of directors where financial results shall be discussed. This notice must be published in newspapers.

Question 181: What financial information must be published in the newspapers along with any modified opinion(s) or reservation(s) expressed by the auditor?

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Correct Answer: B. Financial results, as specified in regulation 33. Financial results along with auditor’s opinions/reservations must be published in newspapers.

Question 182: What statements should be published in the newspapers on a quarterly basis, after review by the audit committee?

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Correct Answer: C. Statements of deviation(s) or variation(s) as specified in sub-regulation (1) of regulation 32. These statements should be published quarterly.

Question 183: What should also be placed in the public domain besides details of penalties imposed by the regulator on a bank?

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Correct Answer: B. Strictures or directions on the basis of inspection reports or other adverse findings. These should also be placed in the public domain.

Question 184: Where should a penalty imposed by the regulator on a bank also be disclosed?

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Correct Answer: B. In the “Notes to Accounts” to the Balance Sheet. The penalty imposed by the regulator should also be disclosed in the “Notes to Accounts”.

Question 185: What is the purpose of placing details of the levy of penalty on a bank in the public domain?

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Correct Answer: C. In the interests of the investors and depositors. Placing penalty details in the public domain is in the interests of investors and depositors.

Question 186: The “Let Us Sum Up” section mentions that besides complying with Accounting Standards and RBI prescribed additional disclosures, banks are required to make disclosures under which regulations?

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Correct Answer: C. Listing Regulations 2015 of SEBI issued under The Companies Act 2013. The section summarises that banks must make disclosures under these regulations.

Question 187: Which of the following terms is listed in the “Keywords” section?

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Correct Answer: C. Accounting Standards. ‘Accounting Standards’ is listed in the Keywords section.

Question 188: Besides Capital, CRAR, and Exposure, what other financial-related term is listed in the “Keywords” section?

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Correct Answer: C. Derivatives. ‘Derivatives’ is listed in the Keywords section.

Question 189: What information is the “Check Your Progress” section intended for?

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Correct Answer: B. Testing the reader’s understanding of the unit’s content. The “Check Your Progress” section contains questions to test understanding.

Question 190: The “Answers to Check Your Progress” section provides answers to how many questions?

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Correct Answer: D. 4. The “Answers to Check Your Progress” section provides answers for 4 questions.

Question 191: Which regulatory body is mentioned in the “Reference” section regarding important regulations?

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Correct Answer: C. Listing Regulations of SEBI. Listing Regulations of SEBI are mentioned in the Reference section.

Question 192: Besides Listing Regulations of SEBI and EIRC of ICSI, what other regulatory body or organisation is mentioned in the “Reference” section?

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Correct Answer: A. Reserve Bank of India (RBI). RBI Circulars are mentioned in the Reference section.

Question 193: The “Reference” section also mentions “Compliance in Banks” from which organisation?

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Correct Answer: C. Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (IIBF). “Compliance in Banks” from IIBF is mentioned in the Reference section.

Question 194: Accounting Standard 5 is titled “Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period items and Changes in _“.

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Correct Answer: B. Accounting Policies. Accounting Standard 5 is titled “Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period items and Changes in Accounting Policies”.

Question 195: Accounting Standard 9 is titled “Revenue _“.

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Correct Answer: C. Recognition. Accounting Standard 9 is titled “Revenue Recognition”.

Question 196: Accounting Standard 18 is titled “Related Party _“.

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Correct Answer: C. Disclosures. Accounting Standard 18 is titled “Related Party Disclosures”.

Question 197: Accounting Standard 21 is titled “Consolidated Financial Statements _“.

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Correct Answer: B. (CFS). Accounting Standard 21 is titled “Consolidated Financial Statements (CFS)”.

Question 198: Accounting Standard 22 is titled “Accounting for Taxes on _“.

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Correct Answer: B. Income. Accounting Standard 22 is titled “Accounting for Taxes on Income”.

Question 199: Accounting Standard 23 is titled “Accounting for Investments in Associates in _“.

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Correct Answer: B. Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting Standard 23 is titled “Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial Statements”.

Question 200: Accounting Standard 25 is titled “Interim Financial _“.

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Correct Answer: D. Reporting. Accounting Standard 25 is titled “Interim Financial Reporting”.

Question 201: Additional Disclosures mentioned include those for Provisions and __.

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Correct Answer: C. Contingencies. Additional Disclosures mentioned include those for Provisions and Contingencies.

Question 202: The disclosure of Complaints by banks includes Customer Complaints and Awards passed by the Banking __.

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Correct Answer: B. Ombudsman. Disclosure of Complaints includes Customer Complaints and Awards passed by the Banking Ombudsman.

Question 203: Banks should disclose full particulars of all Letters of Comfort (LoCs) issued by them during the year in their published financial statements as part of the “Notes to _“.

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Correct Answer: A. Accounts. LoCs should be disclosed in the “Notes to Accounts”.

Question 204: The Provision Coverage Ratio (PCR) is the ratio of provision for NPA to gross _ non-performing assets.

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Correct Answer: D. Gross. PCR is the ratio of provision for NPA to gross non-performing assets.

Question 205: Besides Concentration of Deposits and Advances, banks should disclose Concentration of _.

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Correct Answer: C. NPAS. Concentration of NPAS should be disclosed.

Question 206: Banks are required to disclose their policies to manage currency induced credit risk as a part of financial statements certified by _ auditors.

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Correct Answer: C. Statutory. Policies to manage currency induced credit risk should be disclosed as part of financial statements certified by statutory auditors.

Question 207: Banks are required to disclose information on their Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) in their annual financial statements under “Notes to _“.

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Correct Answer: C. Accounts. LCR information should be disclosed under “Notes to Accounts”.

Question 208: One of the principles governing disclosures and obligations under SEBI Listing Regulations is that information shall be prepared and disclosed in accordance with the applicable standards of accounting and financial _.

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Correct Answer: D. Disclosure. Information should be prepared and disclosed in accordance with applicable standards of accounting and financial disclosure.

Question 209: A listed entity shall provide adequate and timely information to shareholders, including but not limited to sufficient and timely information concerning the date, location and agenda of general _, as well as full and timely information regarding the issues to be discussed.

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Correct Answer: A. Meetings. Information about general meetings and discussion issues should be provided.

Question 210: Under Regulation 30 of SEBI Listing Regulations, disclosure of material events aims to enable investors to make well-informed investment _.

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Correct Answer: A. Decisions. Disclosure of material events enables investors to make well-informed investment decisions.

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